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Fronthaul Size: Calculation of maximum distance between RRH and BBU

In C-RAN (Centralized/Cloud RAN), the more RRHs are covered by one CO (BBU hostelling site), i) the fewer COs are required, and ii) the more BBUs can be centralized at one CO. This allows for the most efficient utilization of BBU resources, thereby significantly reducing CAPEX/OPEX. For this reason, the maximum separation distance between RRH and BBU should be secured. This distance is cons...

04/01/2014

71,893

Tech-Blog

Why WDM is essential in C-RAN fronthaul networks? - Ultra high CPRI link capacity

Our question in this post is: Why does the CPRI link between BBU (at CO) and RRH (at Cell Site) in C-RAN require a ultra high Gbps bandwidth? Before you read this post, we advise you to read our previous post, "CPRI (1): Emergence of C-RAN and CPRI overview". The CPRI link capacities required between BBU and RRH in the C-RAN architecture are as follows: Table 1. CPRI data rates...

03/12/2014

68,379

Tech-Blog

CPRI (1): Emergence of C-RAN/Fronthaul and CPRI overview

Emergence of C-RAN (Separation of Baseband and Radio, and Baseband Centralization) Today, global LTE operators are competing with one another more fiercely than ever, under the pressure to provide better service quality and higher speed. Conventional Internet traffic has been increasing steadily. What's more, mobile traffic resulting from OTT video services, such as YouTube, Mobile IPT...

03/04/2014

81,493

Tech-Blog

Do Google Global Caches (GGCs) serve YouTube live traffic as well, or not?

Google Global Caches (GGCs) have already been deployed in many telecom operators' data centers around the world, caching YouTube video files like Psy's Gangnam Style for the local users. This allows people around the globe to watch Psy singing and dancing without buffering through their local GGCs. Korean operators like SK Telecom, LG U+ and KINX have also made the same move in February...

11/20/2013

95,517

Tech-Blog

What is DHCP Option 82?

We will look into DHCP Option 82 used in the wireline networks of network operators today. Most of you are probably subscribing to a wireline Internet service provided by one of the network operators such as KT, SK Telecom or LGU+ (Korean Operators). When users subscribe to the Internet service, they pay a monthly fee to their network operator for using the Internet service. So, as a genera...

11/01/2013

57,629

Tech-Blog

YouTube's Live TV Streaming in Mobile Devices - HLS & Adaptive

This post will analyze the streaming methods used in YouTube's Live TV streaming services for mobile devices in an LTE network and a Wi-Fi network based on our actual measurements. YouTube's Live TV Streaming in Mobile Devices: HLS & Adaptive First, measurements in an LTE network The mobile device and network used for our measurement were Galaxy S4 and KT LTE network. First,...

10/30/2013

86,955

Tech-Blog

LTE QoS (Part 3) - P2P Traffic BW Control using the LTE QoS

In the last two posts (Part 1, Part 2), we learned about LTE QoS. Now, we will show you an example of controlling P2P traffic using the LTE QoS in the LTE network. Let's say there is a network operator named "NMC Telecom", and it offers a service plan with the following features: No bandwidth limitation for Internet usage Data rate limitation (512 Kbps for download, and 128 Kbps fo...

10/25/2013

60,959

Tech-Blog

LTE QoS (Part 2) - LTE QoS Parameters (QCI, ARP, GBR, MBR and AMBR)

We will look a little bit further into LTE QoS that we discussed last time, and learn what QoS parameters are for. There are two types of EPS bearers: default and dedicated. In the LTE network, the EPS bearer QoS is controlled using the following LTE QoS parameters: ▶ Resource Type: GBR or Non-GBR ▶ QoS Parameters QCI ARP GBR MBR APN-AMBR UE-AMBR Every EPS bearer must...

10/15/2013

384,338

Tech-Blog

YouTube, changing the way of delivering videos: Chunking and Adaptive Streaming are In,...

Recently, YouTube has changed/evolved the way it delivers video contents. It used to be a big fan of HTTP progressive download (downloading a video file by a single request just like downloading a data file) until last year. However, from this year, many efforts have been made by YouTube (e.g. switching to chunking and adaptive streaming) for improved video delivery. We will focus on "switching...

10/04/2013

76,558

Tech-Blog

LTE QoS (Part 1) - EPS Bearers and SDF

We will talk about LTE QoS this time. QoS functions provided by any network, whether wired or wireless, are all based on standards (IETF RFC, IEEE 802, 3GPP TS, etc.). They may work differently using different standards depending on whether the network is wired (Ethernet/IP/MPLS) or wireless (LTE/WiBro/Wi-Fi). But, basically what the QoS is about is that traffic quality is guaranteed (i) if...

10/01/2013

83,958

Tech-Blog

DHCP Security Using a DHCP Proxy Agent

Last time when we introduced a DHCP proxy agent through our previous blog post dated in September 1. 2013, we mentioned that this DHCP proxy agent can offer the benefits of enhanced security. So, we will look into these security-related functions in more detail today. As shown in the figure below, if there is a DHCP proxy agent in a network, all DHCP messages (used in IP address allocation...

10/01/2013

49,875

Tech-Blog

LTE GTP Tunnel (2): Today, we will find more about LTE GTP tunnels that we have discuss...

Today, we will find more about LTE GTP tunnels that we have discussed previously. In the Figure below, GTP tunnels are established in the link from the eNB to the S-GW and from the S-GW to the P-GW. Downlink (DL): From PDN (Internet) to UE [1] A packet (Source IP=www.google.com, Destination IP=UE) is sent from the Internet to the P-GW. [2] The P-GW compares the five tuples of...

09/26/2013

59,382

Tech-Blog

Summary of SK Telecom's Mobile IPTV Live Streaming (Full HD/HD/SD over LTE-A)

SK Telecom, the Korean No. 1 telecom operator, launched Btv Mobile service (in SD/HD) offering a variety of live broadcasting and VoD contents for mobile devices in around July 2012. And a year later in July 2013, boosted by the commercialization of LTE-A, it began a "Full HD" streaming service with drastically enhanced video quality. The following is the press release by SK Telecom about its n...

09/24/2013

86,900

Tech-Blog

LTE GTP Tunnel (1): Today, we will talk about GTP tunnels used in the LTE network

Today, we will talk about GTP tunnels used in the LTE network. As seen in Figure (a) below, IP packets sent by an LTE device (UE) are delivered from an eNB to a P-GW through GTP tunnels. What it means is that "all IP packets that a UE sends are always delivered through an eNB to a P-GW regardless of their specified destination IP addresses (i.e., even though their destination IP addresses a...

09/12/2013

77,378

Tech-Blog

LG U+ HDTV Service based on LTE-A: Korea's First Successful Adaptive Bit Rate (ABR) Swi...

In our previous post (Analysis of LG U+'s HDTV Streaming (LG U+ HDTV Service based on LTE-A), we discussed how LG U+ Mobile U+ HDTV service delivers video files to a device. Our first actual measurement confirmed that LG U+: used HLS, Apple's adaptive streaming (delivering video files chunkwise, unlike progressive download or RTMP/RTSP); and offered three profiles (quality levels)...

09/09/2013

42,939

Tech-Blog

What is a DHCP Proxy Agent?

Now that we know what DHCP relay agents are, we will find out another DHCP agent, a DHCP proxy agent today. What a DHCP relay agent does is simply relay broadcast DHCP packets (DHCP Discover/Request) to DHCP server(s) located in other subnets whenever it receives packets from a DHCP client residing in that same subnet. On the other hand, a DHCP proxy agent not only relays the DHCP packets...

09/01/2013

47,297

Tech-Blog

LTE: Tracking Area (TA) and Tracking Area Update (TAU)

This time we will give you a brief overview of an LTE Tracking Area (TA) and Tracking Area Update (TAU). While an LTE device (UE) is in active state (i.e. while communicating, or while in EMM-Registered/ECM-Connected/RRC-Connected state in LTE terms), its location is known by the LTE network at cell level (i.e. on a cell granularity), e.g. in cell2 in eNB1. However, while the UE is in idle...

08/30/2013

250,334

Tech-Blog

Analysis on Streaming Technology of LG U+ Mobile HDTV (LG U+ HDTV Service based on LTE-A)

On June 10, 2013, LG U+ launched U+ HDTV multi-channel service (U+ tv G 4 Channel Service) that enables users to watch 4 channels at the same time through home STB. Later in July, it introduced the same multi-channel service in a mobile version based on LTE-A. In this post, we will analyze the U+ HDTV streaming on mobile devices that support LTE-A. U+ HDTV service offers two viewing experi...

08/19/2013

78,501

Tech-Blog

What is a DHCP Relay Agent?

We talked about the basic operations of DHCP in our previous blog post, "What is DHCP?”. Today, we will find out what kind of agent a DHCP relay agent is. Generally, DHCP messages are broadcasted. So, in order for the messages to be exchanged between a DHCP client (PC) and DHCP server, both the client and server have to reside on the same subnet. That is because routers do not fo...

08/01/2013

88,928

Tech-Blog

LTE: User Identifiers - IMSI and GUTI

Today's topic is IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) and GUTI (Globally Unique Temporary Identifier). These two are parameters (identifiers) used in identifying UEs in LTE networks. What is IMSI? IMSI is a unique ID that globally identifies a mobile subscriber. It is composed of two parts, PLMN ID and MSIN, as shown in Figure below. A PLMN ID is an ID that globally identi...

07/10/2013

133,446

Tech-Blog

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